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Designing for speed: a practical performance checklist

Maja Zupan
Maja Zupan
Abstract illustration of speed

Summary: Speed is a feature. This checklist covers the changes that consistently move Core Web Vitals into the green — measured on mid-range phones, not developer laptops.

Measure first

Start with field data from real users. Lab tools are great for debugging, but your users’ devices and networks decide the score that matters.

  • Track LCP, INP and CLS per template, not just per site.
  • Set a performance budget and check it in CI.
  • Test on a throttled mid-range Android device.

Images & media

Images are usually the heaviest part of a page. Serve modern formats such as AVIF and WebP, always set width and height, and lazy-load everything below the fold.

The fastest request is the one you never make.

CSS & JavaScript

Ship one compiled stylesheet, defer non-critical scripts and avoid libraries for things the platform already does — <dialog>, scroll-snap and IntersectionObserver cover most needs.

Fonts

Self-host a single variable font, subset it, preload the main file and use font-display: swap.

Key takeaways

  1. Measure real users.
  2. Optimise images first.
  3. Ship less JavaScript.
  4. Self-host and subset fonts.
Maja Zupan
Written by

Maja Zupan

Founder & creative director at Meridian. Writes about design systems, performance and the craft of building for the web.

Comments (2)

Tim K. · 2 days ago

Great checklist. The point about testing on mid-range Android devices is underrated.

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Nina G. · 1 day ago

Agreed — it changes priorities completely.

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